B1-17 'to say'와 'to tell'에 사용하는 간접 목적어, 간접화법..

to say'와 'to tell'에 사용하는 간접 목적어

'to say'와 'to tell'의 형태상의 차이점을 배워 봐요

 

 

Mellisa said, "I'll be there at 3 PM."

 

※ We don't know who Melissa said those words to.

"To say" focuses on the content of communication rather than the fact of sharing information with a specific person.

' say '는 특정인과 정보를 공유한다는 사실보다는 소통의 내용에 중점을 둔다.

 

Mellisa told me, "I'll be there at 3 PM."

 

※ We know who Mellisa said the words to.

"To tell" focuses on the act of sharing information with a specific person.

" tell "는 특정인과 정보를 공유하는 행위에 중점을 둡니다.

 

 "To say" or "to tell"? 

"To say" and "to tell" are commonly used to report somebody's words. However, they behave differently regarding the indirect object – the person receiving the communication.

to say	to tell
used without the indirect object 간접목적어가 없이 사용됨	used with the indirect object  간접목적어와 함께 사용됨
He said that he would help us.	He told his sister that he would help us.
focus: the content of the communication	focus: the act of sharing information with a specific person

 

• They said it was going to rain.

  그들은 비가 올 거라고 했어요.

"To say" can be used without mentioning the person receiving the communication (indirect object).

 

• She said she was going to the chemist.

  그녀는 약사에게 갈 거라고 했어요.

"To say" can be used without mentioning the person receiving the communication (indirect object).

 

• They said that they had enjoyed the film.

  그들은 영화를 재미있게 봤었다고 했어요.

"To say" can be used without mentioning the person receiving the communication (indirect object).

 

• He told his friends he might be late.

  그는 친구들에게 늦을지도 모른다고 말했어요.

"To tell" is commonly followed by the person receiving the communication (indirect object).

 

• Mary told them that she didn't want to go.

  메리는 가고 싶지 않다고 그들에게 말했어요.

"To tell" is commonly followed by the person receiving the communication (indirect object).

 

• She told him that she had a surprise for him.

  그녀는 그를 위한 깜짝 선물이 있다고 그에게 말했어요.

"To tell" is commonly followed by the person receiving the communication (indirect object).

 

 

간접 화법에서 일어나는 다른 변화들 

사람, 장소, 시간에 대한 언급

 

 

a dance-off

댄스 대결

The dance-off at the party had everyone laughing.

파티에서의 댄스 대결은 모두를 웃게 했어요.

 

"A dance-off" is a friendly dance competition done for fun.

 

• Jackson told me that Liam and Emily had done the most hilarious dance-off the previous night.

  리암이랑 에밀리가 전날 밤에 진짜 웃긴 댄스 대결을 했다고 잭슨이 나한테 그러던데요.

In the reported speech ("Jackson told me that"), "last night" changes to "the previous night".

 

Time, place and people in reported speech 

When we tell others about something someone said or did, we might change the way we talk about time, place and people. It's like adjusting the details so the story makes sense from our point of view.

People	"We're having a party."	She said they were having a party.
Time	"We had a party last night."	She said they'd had a party the previous night.
Places	"I'll meet you here."	She said she'd meet me there.

 

 Expressions that change   

Notice how these expressions change in reported speech. 

Direct speech	Reported speech
today	that day
tonight	that night
now	then
last week	the week before / the previous week
next year	the following year / the next year
tomorrow	the following day /  the next day
here	there
this	that / the
these	those

 

• She said that she was going to the shop that day.

  그녀는 그날 가게에 간다고 했어요.

"Today" changes to "that day" in the reported speech.

 

• John said that he had had breakfast that morning.

  → John said, "I've had breakfast this morning."

존은 그날 아침에 아침을 먹었다고 말했습니다.

 

 

 

Olivia: Hey, you won't believe what's happening right now at the party! Seriously, you need to get here as soon as possible. Liam and Emily are doing the most hilarious dance-off now.
Ethan: Oh man, really? A dance-off? That sounds cool! I can’t be there tonight, I'm stuck with some stuff at work. Are they doing crazy moves?
Olivia: Absolutely insane moves! I mean, they're doing everything from the moonwalk to the robot. And the energy in this room is insane.
Ethan: I'm really bummed I'm not there to see these moves.
Olivia: Oh, don't worry, I've got my phone out and I'm recording the whole thing. I can't get enough of it! Seriously, I hope for another dance-off at my party next week.

 

Olivia : 야, 지금 파티에서 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 믿을 수 없을 거야! 진지하게, 당신은 가능한 한 빨리 여기에 도착해야 합니다. Liam과 Emily는 지금 가장 재미있는 댄스 대결을 펼치고 있습니다.
Ethan : 아 이런, 정말요? 댄스오프? 멋지네요! 오늘 밤에는 회사에 일이 좀 있어서 거기에 있을 수 없어요. 미친 짓을 하고 있는 걸까요?
Olivia : 정말 미친 움직임이에요! 내 말은, 그들은 문워크부터 로봇까지 모든 일을 하고 있다는 거죠. 그리고 이 방의 에너지는 미쳤습니다.
Ethan : 이런 움직임을 보러 거기에 없다는 게 정말 안타깝네요.
Olivia : 아, 걱정하지 마세요. 전화기를 꺼내서 전부 녹음하고 있어요. 나는 그것을 충분히 얻을 수 없습니다! 진심으로, 다음 주 내 파티에서 또 다른 댄스 파티가 있기를 바랍니다.

 

 

• You won't believe what's happening right now at the party! 

  →  Olivia told him that he wouldn't believe what was happening then at the party.

  올리비아는 그에게 그때 파티에서 무슨 일이 벌어지고 있는지 믿지 못할 거라고 말했어요.

Because you're reporting the messages, you need to change the reference to people and time in this sentence.

 

• you need to get here as soon as possible
  →  Olivia told him that he needed to get there as soon as possible.

  올리비아는 그에게 가능한 한 빨리 그곳에 오라고 말했어요.

In the reported speech, change "here" to "there".

 

• Ethan told Olivia he couldn't be there that night.

  에단은 올리비아에게 그날 밤 그곳에 함께할 수 없다고 말했어요.

Change the reference to Ethan from "I' to "he" and the reference to time from "tonight" to "that night".

 

• Ethan said he was really bummed he wasn't there to see those moves.

  에단은 그곳에서 직접 그런 댄스 동작들을 볼 수 없어서 정말 아쉬웠다고 말했어요.

Change the reference to Ethan from "I" to "he" and "these" to "those".

 

• Olivia said she was recording the whole thing.

  올리비아는 자기가 모든 것을 녹화 중이었다고 말했어요.

Change the reference to Olivia from "I" to "she".

 

 

의사소통에 관한 동사 살펴보기 

to say'를 다양한 방법으로 말해봐요

 

to whisper

속삭이다

 

She whispered a secret in his ear.

그녀는 그의 귀에 비밀을 속삭였어요.

 

What are the children whispering about? 

아이들이 뭐라고 귓속말을 하고 있나요?

 

She didn't want to wake up her kids, so she whispered their bedtime stories. 

그녀는 아이들을 깨우고 싶지 않아서 잠자리 이야기를 속삭여 주었어요. 

 

I felt that everyone in the room was whispering about my new hair. 
방에 있는 모든 사람이 내 새 머리 스타일에 대해 소곤거리는 것만 같았어요

 

to shout

외치다

 

The coach shouted instructions to the players on the pitch.

감독은 경기장의 선수들에게 지시를 외쳤습니다.

 

The music was so loud that he had to shout to be heard. 

음악 소리가 너무 커서 그가 소리를 질러야 들렸어요.

 

I didn't want to shout but I was very frustrated. 
소리 지르기 싫었지만 너무 답답했어요.

 

to gossip

험담하다, 한담하다

 

In my town, news travels fast and people often gossip.

우리 마을에서는 소식이 빨리 퍼지고 사람들은 자주 남의 험담을 해요.

 

Instead of gossiping, they focused on more positive conversations. 
험담하는 대신 그들은 좀 더 긍정적인 대화에 집중했어요.

 

 

to argue

다투다

The couple used to argue a lot, but now they communicate better.

그 커플은 많이 다투곤 했지만 지금은 의사소통이 더 잘돼요.

 

They argued about money a lot so they decided to be more careful with their finances. 
그들은 돈에 대해 많이 다투어서 재정 관리를 더 신중히 하기로 했어요. The verb "to argue" means to speak angrily.

 

to joke

농담하다

 

He loved to joke and make people laugh.

그는 농담하고 사람들을 웃기는 걸 정말 좋아했어요.

 

Don't worry, I'm only joking! I'm not going to eat your ice cream. 

걱정하지 마, 농담이야! 네 아이스크림 안 먹을 거야.

 

 

 

간접 화법: 동사 변화 없음

 의미의 뉘앙스에 주목해 봐요

 

• She said she wasn't going to talk to him ever again.

  그녀는 다시는 그와 이야기하지 않을 거라고 했어요.

In this sentence, the speaker uses the past tense in reported speech after "said".

 

 

• He said that he doesn't want to have a dog.

  그는 개를 원하지 않는다고 말했어요.

In this sentence, the speaker keeps the present tense in reported speech after "said".

 

 

 Present tense or past tense in reported speech?  

We can keep the present tense in reported speech if the information is still true at the moment of reporting it.

He said that he works from home.	He still works from home.
They said they are running in the park.	They are still running.

 

• Karen said her downstairs neighbours bought a new car.

  카렌은 아래층 이웃이 새 차를 샀다고 했어요.

In this sentence, Karen uses the past simple after "said".

 

• Karen said her next-door neighbours had divorced the previous year.

  카렌은 옆집 이웃이 작년에 이혼했다고 말했어요.

In this sentence, Karen uses the past perfect after "said".

 

Past simple or past perfect in reported speech?  

To talk about past events in reported speech, you can decide to keep the past simple tense ("she sold") or change it to the past perfect ("she'd sold").

She said she sold her house.	Selling the house feels recent to the speaker.
She said she'd sold her house.	Selling the house seems a long time ago to the speaker.

 

• Karen said the Smiths' daughter had moved back home.

  카렌은 스미스 가족의 딸이 집으로 다시 이사 왔다고 했어요.

Using the past perfect ("had moved") after "said" makes the action appear more distant in time.

 

• Karen said the Johnsons' son is going to a very expensive university.

  카렌은 존슨 가족의 아들이 학비가 아주 비싼 대학교에 다닌다고 했어요.

If the information is still true at the moment of reporting it, we keep the present tense after "said".

 

• Karen said the Petersons left their rubbish out on the street.

  카렌은 피터슨 가족이 길에 쓰레기를 내다 버렸다고 말했어요.

Using the past simple ("left") after "said" makes the action appear recent.

 

출처 : https://www.busuu.com/ko