B1-C16 간접 화법

 

간접 화법 

 간접 화법에서 동사가 변하는 경우를 배워 보세요

 

Interviewer: Do you like your job?
Ryan: Generally, I do, but I’ll be honest, there are many difficult aspects that people don’t often talk about.
Interviewer: Can you give us an example?
Ryan: It can get quite stressful when we have to deal with a difficult passenger. Once, a man nearly attacked me when I reminded him that smoking wasn't allowed on board.
Interviewer: What do passengers complain about mostly?
Ryan: I’ve worked as a flight attendant for 10 years and there’s always someone complaining about the food. Passengers very often expect restaurant-quality food on the plane. The other day a teenage boy came up to me and wanted a hamburger while we simply don’t serve them.

 

면접관: 당신의 직업이 마음에 드시나요?
라이언: 일반적으로 그렇습니다. 하지만 솔직히 말해서 사람들이 자주 이야기하지 않는 어려운 측면이 많이 있습니다.
면접관: 예를 들어주실 수 있나요?
라이언: 어려운 승객을 상대해야 할 때 꽤 스트레스를 받을 수 있어요. 한 번은 내가 그에게 기내에서 흡연이 허용되지 않는다는 점을 상기시켜 주었을 때 한 남자가 나를 거의 공격할 뻔했습니다.
인터뷰어: 승객들이 주로 불평하는 것은 무엇입니까?
라이언: 제가 10년 동안 승무원으로 일했는데, 항상 음식에 대해 불평하는 사람이 있어요. 승객들은 기내에서 레스토랑 수준의 음식을 기대하는 경우가 많습니다. 얼마 전 한 십대 소년이 나에게 와서 햄버거를 원했는데 우리는 햄버거를 제공하지 않았습니다.

 

 

 Ryan said that he’d be honest about the difficult aspects of the job that people didn’t often discuss. Dealing with difficult passengers is one of them. He said that once, a man had nearly attacked him because he’d reminded him smoking wasn’t allowed on board. Passengers also complain quite a lot, mainly about the food. Ryan said that they expected restaurant-quality meals. He said that a boy had come up to him once demanding a hamburger.

 

Ryan은 사람들이 자주 논의하지 않는 직업의 어려운 측면에 대해 솔직하게 말할 것이라고 말했습니다. 어려운 승객을 상대하는 것도 그중 하나입니다. 그는 한번은 한 남자가 기내에서 흡연이 허용되지 않는다는 점을 상기시켜 주었기 때문에 그를 거의 공격할 뻔했다고 말했습니다. 승객들은 또한 주로 음식에 대해 꽤 많이 불평합니다. Ryan은 레스토랑 수준의 식사를 기대한다고 말했습니다. 그는 한번은 한 소년이 그에게 햄버거를 요구하며 다가왔다고 말했습니다.

 

 

Reported speech or direct speech?

 

Direct speech is somebody's exact words, often within quotation marks.
Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said ("somebody said that").

직접적인 연설은 누군가의 정확한 말이며, 종종 따옴표로 묶입니다.
보고된 연설은 다른 사람이 말한 것을 다른 사람에게 말하는 것입니다("누군가가 그렇게 말했습니다").

Direct speech	Ryan said, "I've worked as a flight attendant for 10 years."
Reported speech	Ryan said that he'd worked as a flight attendant for 10 years.

 

• He said that he'd had many difficult passengers.

  그는 까다로운 승객을 많이 접했다고 말했습니다.

 

Verb changes in reported speech 

In reported speech we normally use a reporting verb in the past, e.g. "said". We have to adapt the speaker's words to this past perspective by changing the tenses.

Direct speech	Reported speech
"I'll be honest."	He said he would be honest.
"I like my job.	He said he liked his job.
"People are complaining about the food all the time."	He said people were complaining about the food all the time.
"I've worked as a flight attendant for 10 years."	He said he had worked as a flight attendant for 10 years.
"A boy expected a hamburger."	He said a boy had expected a hamburger.

 

• He said that people often didn't talk about the difficult aspects of a flight attendant's job.

  그는 사람들은 승무원이 하는 일의 어려운 면에 대해서는 보통 이야기하지 않는다고 말했습니다.

The exact spoken words are: "People don't often talk (...)". We change the present simple to the past simple.

 

• He said that a boy had come up to him once demanding a hamburger.

  그는 한 번은 어떤 남자아이가 그에게 와서 햄버거를 요구했다고 말했습니다.

The exact spoken words are: "A boy came up to me (...)". We change the past simple to the past perfect.

 

• He said that passengers were complaining about the food all the time.

  그는 승객들은 항상 음식에 대해 불평한다고 말했습니다.

 

• He said he'd be honest about his job.

  그는 자신의 일에 대해 솔직하게 말하겠다고 했습니다.

The exact spoken words are: "I 'll be honest about (...)". We change "will" to "would".

 

 

흔히 혼동하는 동사 

'{to say}', '{to tell}', '{to speak}'의 차이점을 배워 보세요

 

• When she told me she speaks seven languages, I said it was very impressive.

  그녀가 7개 국어를 한다고 저에게 말했을 때 저는 아주 대단하다고 했어요.

"To speak", "to say" and "to tell" are verbs of communication but they are used differently.

 "To say", "to tell" or "to speak"? 

"To speak", "to say" and "to tell" are verbs of communication but they are used differently.

"to say"	reporting specific words  특정 단어 보고	He said he'd come.
"to tell"	sharing information, a story, a message 정보, 이야기, 메시지 공유	I need to tell you something.
"to speak"	using words to communicate 의사소통을 위해 단어를 사용하는 것	She speaks two languages.

 

• She said she was sorry for the misunderstanding.

  그녀는 오해가 생겨 미안하다고 말했어요.

"To say" is used to report specific words.

 

• He can speak multiple languages fluently.

  그는 여러 언어를 유창하게 구사할 줄 알아요.

"To speak" refers to using words to communicate.

 

• He often likes to say that life is an adventure.

  그는 인생은 모험이라는 말을 자주 즐겨 합니다.

"To say" is used to report specific words.

 

• She told her friend about the exciting news.

  그녀는 친구에게 기쁜 소식을 전했어요.

"To tell" is used to share information, a story or a message.

 

• The painting tells a story of love through its vivid colours.

  그림은 생생한 색채를 통해 사랑의 이야기를 전합니다.

"To tell" is used to share information, a story or a message.

 

• The old proverb says, "Out of sight, out of mind."

  옛 속담에 '눈에서 멀어지면 마음에서 멀어진다'는 말이 있습니다.

"To say" is used to report specific words.

 

• He will speak at the conference tomorrow about artificial intelligence.

  그는 내일 콘퍼런스에서 인공 지능에 관해 연설할 예정이에요.

"To speak" refers to using words to communicate.

 

 

 

간접 화법

시제 변화를 연습해 보세요

 

 

Jon and Emma Burton got married last year. It was a huge, beautiful wedding that cost them only £5,000. Emma said they didn't have much money so they'd decided to get creative. Jon said, “We used second-hand items and managed to save a lot of money.” Emma said, “I’ve always liked reusing old objects and turning them into something unique.” The couple said they were going to sell all the second-hand items to other couples.

 

존 버튼과 엠마 버튼은 작년에 결혼했습니다. 그것은 단지 £5,000의 비용이 드는 거대하고 아름다운 결혼식이었습니다. Emma는 돈이 별로 없어서 창의력을 발휘하기로 결정했다고 말했습니다. Jon은 “우리는 중고품을 사용하여 많은 돈을 절약할 수 있었습니다.”라고 말했습니다. Emma는 "나는 항상 오래된 물건을 재사용하여 독특한 것으로 바꾸는 것을 좋아했습니다."라고 말했습니다. 부부는 중고 물품을 모두 다른 부부에게 팔겠다고 말했다.

What's the most suitable headline for the news article?

• Couple creates an inexpensive dream wedding

  꿈의 결혼식을 저렴하게 준비한 커플

Tense changes in reported speech 

Tenses in reported speech change to show the past perspective. Each tense needs to change to the closest past tense.

1. present simple → past simple
2. present continuous → past continuous
3. present perfect → past perfect
4. past simple → past perfect

1. "Weddings are expensive."  현재	He said weddings were expensive. 과거
2. "I'm getting married." 현재진행	She said she was getting married.  과거진행
3. "I've always liked reusing old objects."	She said she'd always liked reusing old objects. 과거완료
4. "We saved a lot of money."	She said that they had saved a lot of money.

 

• Jon said that they'd used second-hand items.

  존은 그들이 중고 물품을 사용했었다고 말했습니다.

The past simple ("they used") changes to the past perfect ("they'd used").

 

• Jon said they'd managed|had managed to save a lot of money.

  존은 그들은 돈을 많이 절약할 수 있었다고 말했습니다.

The past simple ("managed") changes to the past perfect ("had managed").

 

• The couple said they were going to sell all the second-hand items to other couples.

  커플은 모든 중고 물품을 다른 커플들에게 판매할 것이라고 말했습니다.

We are going to changes to its past version "we were going to".

 

• Emma said she didn't like any of the modern objects in the catalogue.

  엠마는 웨딩 카탈로그의 어떤 현대적인 오브제도 마음에 들지 않았다고 말했습니다.

The present simple ("I don't like") changes to the past simple ("I didn't like").

 

• Jon said he was helping his friend with her wedding.

  존은 친구의 결혼식을 위해 그녀를 돕는다고 말했습니다.

The present continuous ("is helping") changes to ("was helping").

 

• Jon said they had borrowed all the tables from a friend's pub.

  존은 테이블을 전부 친구의 펍에서 빌려 왔다고 말했습니다.

The present perfect ("we've borrowed") changes into the past perfect ("we had borrowed").

 

• Jon said that the wedding reception had taken place in his garden.

  존은 결혼 피로연이 그의 정원에서 열렸었다고 말했습니다.

The past simple ("The reception took place") changes to the past perfect ("The reception had taken place").

 

• Emma said that they were flying to Greece for their honeymoon.

  엠마는 신혼여행으로 비행기를 타고 그리스로 간다고 말했습니다.

The present continuous ("we're flying") changes to the past continuous ("we were flying").

 

• The couple said that their wedding hadn't cost much.

  커플은 그들의 결혼식이 비용이 별로 많이 들지 않았다고 말했습니다.

The past simple ("didn't cost") changes to the past perfect ("hadn't cost").

 

 

 

간접 화법 

간접 화법 속 조동사

 

 

These days we can’t afford our energy bills.

요즘 우리는 에너지 비용을 감당할 수 없습니다.

 

They said they couldn't afford their energy bills at that time.

그들은 당시 에너지 비용을 감당할 수 없었다고 말했습니다.

 

 

 

 Modal verbs in reported speech  

Modal verbs include verbs such as "can", "might", "may", "must", "should" and "will".

조동사에는 "can", "might", "may", "must", "should" 및 "will"과 같은 동사가 포함됩니다.

In reported speech, some modal verbs change to their past form, but if they have no past form they stay the same.

보고된 연설에서 일부 조동사는 과거 형태로 변경되지만 과거 형태가 없으면 그대로 유지됩니다.

Modal verbs that change:

I can't go. → She said she couldn't go.

I will help. → He said he would help.

We may try. → They said they might try.

I must leave now. → He said he had to / must leave.

Modal verbs that don't change:

We might be late. → She said we might be late.

I should stay. → He said he should stay.

 

• hey said they should get some advice about saving money on energy bills.

  그들은 에너지 요금 절약에 관한 조언을 좀 받아 봐야겠다고 말했습니다.

Their exact words are "We should get some advice". "Should" doesn't change in reported speech.

 

• how to save money on energy bills

  에너지 요금 절약 방법

She talks about small changes that will save you money. She gives four tips to make your home more energy efficient.

 

• Marina Coss said we could make lots of small changes which would save us money.

  마리나 코스는 우리 돈을 절약해 줄 작은 변화를 많이 만들 수 있다고 했습니다.

Notice how "can" changes to "could" and "will" to "would" in reported speech.

 

Tip number 1
You shouldn't put a warm Tupperware container of food into the fridge. It might make the fridge work harder to keep the other items cool.

Tip number 2
Don't leave your devices like mobile phones or laptops plugged in overnight. It might save you up to $200 a year.

Tip number 3
You should turn off the oven a few minutes before the cooking time is over. Your food will continue to cook without using the extra electricity.

Tip number 4
You must keep your oven closed while baking! Every time you open it, the temperature may drop by 4 °C.

 

• Marina said we shouldn't put a warm Tupperware container of food into the fridge.

  마리나는 음식이 든 따뜻한 타파웨어 용기를 냉장고에 넣지 말아야 한다고 했어요.

 

• Marina said warm Tupperware containers of food might make the fridge work harder.

  마리나는 음식이 든 따뜻한 타파웨어 용기는 냉장고가 더 열심히 돌아가게 할 수 있다고 했어요

 

• Marina said that unplugging your devices at night might save you up to $200 a year.

  마리나는 밤에 전자기기의 플러그를 뽑아 두면 1년에 최대 200달러까지 절약할 수도 있다고 했어요.

 

• Marina said we should turn off the oven a few minutes before the cooking time is over.

  마리나는 조리 시간이 끝나기 몇 분 전에 오븐을 끄라고 했어요.

Notice how the letter "l" is not pronounced in "should". "Should" doesn't change in reported speech.

 

• Marina said our food would continue to cook without using the extra electricity.

  마리나는 전기를 추가로 사용하지 않고도 음식이 계속해서 익을 거라고 말했어요.

Marina's exact words are: "Your food will continue ...". "Will" changes to "would" in reported speech.

 

• Marina said we had to keep our oven closed all the times while baking.

  마리나는 베이킹을 할 때는 오븐을 내내 닫아 두어야 한다고 했어요.

In reported speech "must" changes to "had to" or doesn't change at all.

 

• Marina said the oven temperature might drop by 4°C.

  마리나는 오븐 온도가 4°C 떨어질 수도 있다고 했어요.

"May" changes to "might" in reported speech.

 

 

 

 

출처 : https://www.busuu.com/ko